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Policy on Model Dental Benefits for Infants, Children, Adolescents, and Individuals with Special Health Care Needs

Purpose

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) believes that all infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs must have access to comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care benefits that contribute to their optimal health and well-being. This policy is intended to assist policy makers, third-party payors, and consumer groups/benefits purchasers to make informed decisions about the appropriateness of oral health care services for these patient populations.

Methods

This policy was developed by the Council on Dental Benefit Programs and Council on Clinical Affairs, and adopted in 2008. This policy is based upon a review of AAPD’s systematicallydeveloped oral health policies and clinical practice guidelines as well as clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations and endorsed by the AAPD. 

Background

The AAPD advocates optimal oral health and health care for all infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs. Oral diseases are progressive and cumulative; ignoring oral health problems can lead to needless pain and suffering, infection, loss of function, increased health care costs, and lifelong consequences in educational, social, and occupational environments. A dental benefit plan should be actuarially sound and fiscally capable of delivering plan benefits without suppressing utilization rates or the delivery of services. When a benefits plan, whether for a commercial or government program, is not actuarially sound and adequately underwritten, access and appropriate care under the plan are placed at risk. When oral health care is not accessible, the health implications, effects on quality of life, and societal costs are enormous.1  The AAPD’s oral health policies and clinical guidelines2 encourage the highest possible level of care to children and patients with special health care needs. The AAPD also sponsors a national consensus conference or symposium each year on pediatric oral health care and those proceedings are published in a special issue of Pediatric Dentistry. Those documents,2-8  as well as clinical practice guidelines from other organizations with recognized professional expertise and stature,7-16  serve as the basis for the recommendations below. Such recommendations ideally are evidence based but, in the absence of conclusive evidence, may rely on expert opinion and clinical observations.

Policy Statement

The AAPD encourages all policy makers and third-party payors to consult the AAPD in the development of benefit plans that best serve the oral health interests of infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs. These model services are predicated on establishment of a dental home, defined as the ongoing relationship between the dentist (i.e., the primary oral health care provider) and the patient, inclusive of all aspects of oral health care, starting no later than 12 months of age.17 

Value of services is an important consideration, and AAPD encourages all stakeholders to recognize that a least expensive treatment is not necessarily the most beneficial or cost effective plan in the long term for the patient’s oral health. The following services are essential components in health benefit plans.

A.  Preventive services:

  1. initial and periodic orofacial examination, including medical, dental and social histories, furnished in accordance with the attached periodicity schedule2 or when oral screenings by other health care providers indicate a risk of caries or other dental or oral disease.
  2. education for the patient and the patient’s family on measures that promote oral health as part of initial and periodic well-child assessment.
  3. age-appropriate anticipatory guidance and counseling on non-nutritive habits, injury prevention, and tobacco use/ substance abuse.
  4. application of topical fluoride at a frequency based upon caries risk factors.
  5. prescription of a high-concentration fluoridated toothpaste for patients over six years old who are at moderate to high caries risk. 
  6. prescription of dietary fluoride supplement15 based upon a child’s age and caries risk as well as fluoride level of the water supply or supplies and other sources of dietary fluoride.
  7. application of pit and fissure sealants on primary and permanent teeth based on caries risk factors, not patient age.18 
  8. dental prophylactic services at a frequency based on caries and periodontal risk factors.

B.  Diagnostic procedures consistent with guidelines developed by organizations with recognized professional expertise and stature, including radiographs in accordance with recommendations by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the American Dental Association.11,16,19

C.  Restorative and endodontic services to relieve pain, resolve infection, restore teeth, and maintain dental function and oral health. This would include interim therapeutic restorations, a beneficial provisional technique in contemporary pediatric restorative dentistry.2

D.  Orthodontic services including space maintenance and services to diagnose, prevent, intercept, and treat malocclusions, including management of children with cleft lip or palate and/or congenital or developmental defects. These services include, but are not limited to, initial appliance construction and replacement of appliances as the child grows.

E.  Dental and oral surgery including sedation/general anesthesia and related medical services performed in an office, hospital, or ambulatory surgical care setting.

F.  Periodontal services to manage gingivitis, periodontitis, and other periodontal diseases or conditions in children.

G.  Prosthodontic services, including implants with restorations to restore oral function.

H.  Diagnostic and therapeutic services related to the acute and long-term management of orofacial trauma. When the injury involves a primary tooth, benefits should cover complications for the developing succedaneous tooth. When the injury involves a permanent tooth, benefits should cover long-term complications to the involved and adjacent or opposing teeth.

 I.  Drug prescription for preventive services, relief of pain, or treatment of infection or other conditions within the dentist’s scope of practice.

J.  Medically necessary services for preventive and therapeutic care in patients with medical, physical, or behavioral conditions. These services include, but are not limited to, the care of hospitalized patients, sedation, and general anesthesia in outpatient or inpatient hospital facilities.

K.  Behavior guidance services necessary for the provision of optimal therapeutic and preventive oral care to patients with medical, physical, or behavioral conditions. These services may include both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management techniques.

L.  Consultative services provided by a pediatric dentist when requested by a general practitioner or another dental specialist or medical care provider.

References

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Oral health in America: A report of the Surgeon General– Executive summary. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health; 2000. Available at: “http://nidcr.nih.gov/
    DataStatistics/SurgeonGeneral/Report/ExecutiveSummary. htm”. Accessed December 4, 2016. (Archived by Web Cite® at: "http://www.webcitation.org/6mW8vDmtm")
  2. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Reference Manual. Pediatric Dentistry Supplement. Chicago, Ill. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2017-18. Available at: “http://www.aapd.org/policies”. Accessed July 5, 2017.
  3. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Pediatric dentistry restorative consensus conference. Pediatr Dent 2015;37(2):98-170.
  4.  American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Symposium on behavior guidance. Pediatr Dent 2014;36(2):98-160.
  5. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Symposium on the prevention of oral disease in children and adolescents. Pediatr Dent 2006;28(2):96-198.
  6. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Association of Endodontists. Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Emerging Science in Pulp Therapy: New Insights into Dilemmas and Controversies. November 2-3, 2007. Chicago, Ill. Pediatr Dent 2008;30(3):190-267.
  7. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Symposium on trauma. November 14-15, 2008, Chicago, Ill. Pediatr Dent 2009;31(2):94-163. 
  8. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Association of Endodontists. Proceedings of the Joint Symposium: Contemporary Management of Traumatic Injuries to the Permanent Dentition. November, 2012, Scottsdale, Az. Pediatr Dent 2013;35(2):102-90, 198.
  9. American Association of Endodontists. Guide to Clinical Endodontics. 6th ed. Chicago, Ill. American Association of Endodontists; 2013. Available at: “http://www.aae.org/clinical-resources/aae-guide-to-clinical-endodontics.aspx”. Accessed December 4, 2016. (Archived by Web Cite® at: “http://www.webcitation.org/6mW6Mb23m")
  10. American Academy of Periodontology. Periodontal diseases of children and adolescents. J Periodontol 2003;74(11):1696-704.
  11. American Dental Association, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations for Patient Selection and Limiting Radiation Exposure. Revised: 2012. Available at: “http://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Publications/ADA%20News/Files/Dental_Radiographic_Examinations_2012.pdf?la=en”. Accessed December 4, 2016. (Archived by WebCite® at: “http://www.webcitation.org/6mW7ppEuF”)
  12. American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. Parameters for evaluation and treatment of patients with cleft lip/palate or other craniofacial anomalies. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Title V, Social Security Act, Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Public Health Service, DHHS; November 2009. Grant # MCJ-425074. Available at: “http://www.acpa-cpf.org/uploads/site/Parameters_Rev_2009.pdf.” Accessed December 4, 2016. (Archived by WebCite® at: “http://www.webcitation.org/6mW6yJcBj”)
  13. National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias. Parameters of oral health care for individuals affected by ectodermal dysplasias. National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias. Mascoutah, Ill.; 2003. Revision 2015. Available at: “https://www.nfed.org/learn/library/parameters-dental-health-care/”. Accessed July 3, 2013. Accessed December 4, 2016. (Archived by WebCite® at: “http://www.webcitation.org/6mW8Wrq4U”)
  14. Rozier RG, Adair S, Graham F, et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations on the prescription of dietary fluoride supplements for caries prevention: A report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc 2010;141(12):1480-9. 
  15. Clark MB, Slayton RL, American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report: Fluoride use for caries prevention in the primary care setting. Pediatr 2014;134(3):626-33.
  16. Carter L, Geist J, Scarfe WC, et. al. American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology executive opinion statement on performing and interpreting diagnostic cone beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2008;106(4):561-2. 
  17. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Definition of dental home. Pediatr Dent 2017;39(6):12. 
  18. Crall JJ, Donley, KJ. Dental sealants guidelines development 2002-2014. Pediatr Dent 2015;37(2):111-5.
  19. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Prescribing dental radiographs for infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs. Pediatr Dent 2017;39(6):205-7.